By CARLY CASSELLA
After spending at least 30,000 years living alongside humans, dogs have become really good at reading our emotions.
Not only can they understand some of our most iconic words, signs, and gestures, studies have shown these animals can recognize our facial expressions and determine whether our responses are positive or negative.
Even our closest relative, the chimpanzee, doesn't understand us to the same extent. But how well do we actually know our dogs?
New research suggests that primarily depends on where and how you grew up, not on whether you've ever actually owned one.
While most studies have looked into our pets' understanding of us, surprisingly few have turned the focus around - although, there are a few contending theories.
Under the co-domestication hypothesis, for instance, the close evolution of both humans and dogs is said to have resulted in an inherent reciprocal understanding. As both species grew closer over time, it follows that dogs evolved the ability to read human emotions and vice versa.
According to this theory, even though dog owners may be better at reading their pets than others, in the end, this ability is partially present in all humans.
It's an interesting idea, but actual research looking into it has provided mixed results. Some studies have shown those people who are inexperienced with dogs are actually better at reading canine emotions, while others have found no difference whatsoever between dog owners and non-owners.
A new, comprehensive study has now brought up partial support for this hypothesis. While some dog emotions like anger and happiness were easily recognized from a young age - suggesting they could be inherent - the authors argue this ability is mainly acquired through experience.
In other words, recognizing a dog's facial expression is not an evolutionarily selected trait, but rather a consequence of our cultural environment.
"In particular, participants with more general dog experience were overall more proficient at recognizing dog emotions than participants with less general dog experience," the authors conclude.
The study was conducted on 89 adults and 77 children, between ages five and six, who were either Muslim European or non-Muslim European. Each participant was categorized depending on their culture's attitude toward dogs, as well as their own personal history of dog ownership.
They were then shown a series of photographs, including dogs, chimps, and humans, and asked to rate their happiness, sadness, anger, or fear.
While some dog emotions were easily recognized early on in life, the findings suggest this skill is mostly acquired through age and experience, even if that experience isn't firsthand.
Children in the study, for instance, were quite limited in their recognition of dog emotions, regardless of their history with canines or their cultural upbringing. Whereas for adults, experience really mattered.
The authors found that those participants who grew up in Europe's dog-positive culture - where canines are prioritized and closely integrated into society - were generally better at recognizing dog emotions, even if they never owned a dog themselves.
"These results are noteworthy," says evolutionary anthropologist Federica Amici of the Max Planck Institute, "because they suggest that it is not necessarily direct experience with d